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Studies and Reports

The following are select publications of interest relevant for assessing safe exposure levels to vinyl acetate. Many of these publications were sponsored and authored by a representative of a VAC member company.

Author Year Title Source
Akiba, Y. and Kaunitz, J.D. 1999 Regulation of intracellular pH and blood flow in rat duodenal epithelium in vivo Am. J. Physiol. 276, G293-G302.
Andersen, M.E. and Jarabek, A.M. 2001 Nasal Tissue Dosimetry-Issues And Approaches for "Category 1" Gases: A Report on a Meeting Held in Research Triangle Park, NC, February 11-12, 1998 Inhalation Toxicology 13, 415-435.
Andersen, M.E. and Sarangapani, R. 2001 Physiologically Based Clearance/Extraction Models for Compounds Metabolized in the Nose: An Example with Methyl Methacrylate Inhalation Toxicology 13, 397-414.
Andersen, M.E., Green, T., Frederick, C.B. and Bogdanffy, M.S. 2002 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Models for Nasal Tissue Dosimetry of Organic Esters: Assessing the State-of-Knowledge and Risk Assessment Applications with Methyl Methacrylate and Vinyl Acetate. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 36, 234-245.
Andersen, M.E., Sarangapani, R., Frederick, C.B. and Kimbell, J.S. 1999 Dosimetric adjustment factors for methyl methacrylate derived from a steady-state analysis of a physiologically based clearance-extraction model Inhalation Toxicology 11, 899-926.
Anderson, M.E. 2001 A Report of a Meeting on Carboxylesterases in Relation to Nasal Toxicity of Methylmethacylate and Vinyl Acetate in Rodents February 24, 2001.
Barnes, D.G., Daston, G.P., Evans, J.S., Jarabek, A.M., Kavlock, R.J., Kimmel, C.A., Park, C. and Spitzer, H.L. 1995 Benchmark dose workshop: criteria for use of a benchmark dose to estimate a reference dose Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 21, 296-306.
Barton, H.A., Andersen, M.E. and Clewell, H.J. 1998 Harmonization: Developing consistent guidelines for applying mode of action and dosimetry information to cancer and noncancer risk assessment Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 4, 75-115.
Bidani, A. and Heming, T.A. 1995 Kinetic analysis of cytosolic pH regulation in alveolar macrophages: V-ATPase-mediated responses to weak acid Am. J. Physiol. 269, L20-L29.
Bogdanffy, M.S. 1990 Biotransformation Enzymes in the Rodent Nasal Mucosa: The Value of a Histochemical Approach Environ. Health Persp. 85, 177-186.
Bogdanffy, M.S. 1988 Histochemistry and Biochemistry of the Rat Nasal Mucosa Proceedings of the TNO-CIVO/NYU Nose Symposium, Veldhoven, Netherlands, 24-28 October. 48-54.
Bogdanffy, M.S. 2003 PT modelling of vinyl acetate nasal dosimetry in rats and humans Abstracts/Toxicology Letters 138, 179-182.
Bogdanffy, M.S. 2002 Vinyl Acetate-Induced Intracellular Acidification: Implications for Risk Assessment Toxicological Sciences 66, 320-326.
Bogdanffy, M.S. and Frame, S.R. 1994 Olfactory Mucosal Toxicity. Integration of Morphological and Biochemical Data in Mechanistic Studies: Dibasic Esters as an Example Inhalation Toxicology 6, (suppl) 205-219.
Bogdanffy, M.S. and Jarabek, A.M. 1995 Understanding Mechanisms of Inhaled Toxicants: Implications for Replacing Default Factors with Chemical-Specific Data Toxicology Letters 82/83, 919-932.
Bogdanffy, M.S. and Sarangapani, R. 2003 Physiologically-based kinetic modeling of vapours toxic to the respiratory tract. Toxicology Letters 138, 103-117.
Bogdanffy, M.S. and Taylor, M.L. 1993 Kinetics of Nasal Carboxylesterase-Mediated Metabolism of Vinyl Acetate Drug Metab. Dispos. 21, 1107-1111.
Bogdanffy, M.S. and Valentine, R. 2003 Differentiating between local cytotoxicity, mitogenesis, and genotoxicity in carcinogen risk assessments: the case of vinyl acetate Toxicology Letters 140-141, 83-98.
Bogdanffy, M.S., Dreef-van der Meulen, H.C., Beems, R.B., Feron, V.J., Rickard, R.W., Cascieri, T.C., Tyler, T.R. and Vinegar, M.B. 1994 Chronic Toxicity and Oncogenicity Inhalation Study with Vinyl Acetate in the Rat and Mouse Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 23, 215-229.
Bogdanffy, M.S., Gladnick, N.L., Kegelman, T. and Frame, S.R. 1997 Four Week Inhalation Cell Proliferation Study of the Effects of Vinyl Acetate on Rat Nasal Epithelium Inhalation Toxicology 9, 331-350.
Bogdanffy, M.S., Kee, C.R., Hinchman, C.A. and Trela, B.A. 1991 Metabolism of Dibasic Esters by Rat Nasal Mucosal Carboxylesterase Drug Metab. Dispos. 19, 124-129.
Bogdanffy, M.S., Manning, L.A. and Sarangapani, R. 1999 High Affinity Nasal Extraction of Vinyl Acetate Vapor is Carboxylesterase Dependent Inhalation Toxicology 11, 927-941.
Bogdanffy, M.S., Mazaika, T.J. and Fasano, W.J. 1989 Early Cell Proliferative and Cytotoxic Effects of Phenacetin on Rat Nasal Mucosa Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 98, 100-112.
Bogdanffy, M.S., Morgan, P.H., Starr, T.B. and Morgan, K.T. 1987 Binding of Formaldehyde to Human and Rat Nasal Mucus and Bovine Serum Albumin Toxicology Letters 38, 145-154.
Bogdanffy, M.S., Plowchalk, D.R., Harman, A.E., Taylor, M.L. and Keller, D.A. unknown Dosimetry of Vinyl Acetate in the Nasal Passages of Rats: Comparison of in Vitro and in Vivo Methods of Quantifying Metabolism Poster Abstract.
Bogdanffy, M.S., Plowchalk, D.R., Sarangapani, R., Starr, T. B. and Andersen, M.E. 2001 Mode-Of-Action-Based Dosimeters for Interspecies Extrapolation of Vinyl Acetate Inhalation Risk Inhalation Toxicology 13, 377-396.
Bogdanffy, M.S., Randall, H.W. and Morgan, K.T. 1986 Histochemical Identification of Biotransformation Enzymes in the Nasal Passages CIIT 6, 1-4.
Bogdanffy, M.S., Randall, H.W. and Morgan, K.T. 1986 Histochemical Localization of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in the Respiratory Tract of the Fischer-344 Rat Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 82, 560-567.
Bogdanffy, M.S., Sarangapani, R., Kimbell, J.S., Frame, S.R. and Plowchalk, D.R. 1998 Analysis of Vinyl Acetate Metabolism in Rat and Human Nasal Tissues by an in Vitro Gas Uptake Technique Toxicological Sciences 46, 235-246.
Bogdanffy, M.S., Sarangapani, R., Plowchalk, D.R., Jarabek, A. and Andersen, M.E. 1999 A biologically Based Risk Assessment for Vinyl Acetate-Indiced Cancer and Noncancer Inhalation Toxicology. Toxicological Sciences 51, 19-35.
Bogdanffy, M.S., Tyler, T.R., Vinegar, M.B., Rickard, R.W., Carpanini, F.M.B. and Cascieri, T.C. 1994 Chronic Toxicity and Oncogenicity Study with Vinyl Acetate in the Rat: In Utero Exposure in Drinking Water Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 23, 206-214.
Bolt, H.M. 2003 Genotoxicity - threshold or not? Introduction of cases of industrial chemicals Toxicology Letters 140-141, 43-51.
Brams, A., Buchet, J.P., Crutzen-Fayt, M.C., DeMeester, C., Lauwerys, R. and Leonard, A. 1987 A comparative study, with 40 chemicals, of the efficiency of the salmonella assay and the SOS chromotest (kit procedure) Toxicology Letters 38, 123-133.
Brown, R.H. and Leininger, J.R. Alterations of the Uterus 377-387.
Brown, S.E.S., Heming, T.A., Benedict, C.R. and Bidani, A. 1991 ATP-sensitive Na+-H-+ antiport in type II alveolar epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 261, C954-C963.
Brucker-Davis, F. 1998 Effects of Environmental Synthetic Chemicals on Thyroid Functions Thyroid Vol.8, No. 9 827-856.
Butterworth, B.E. and Bogdanffy, M.S. 1999 A Comprehensive Approach for Integration of Toxicity and Cancer Risk Assessments Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 29, 23-36.
Casanova-Schmitz, M., David, R.M. and Heck, H.d'A. 1984 Oxidation of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde by NAD-dependent dehydrogenases in rat nasal mucosal homogenates Biochemical Pharmacology 33, 1137-1142.
Cheng, K.-H., Cheng, Y.-S., Yeh, H.-C. and Swift, D.L. 1997 Measurement of airway dimensions and calculation of mass transfer characteristics of the human oral passage J. Biomech. Eng. 119, 476-482.
Crawford-Brown, D.J. 1995 Virtue in Risk Analysis Chemical Health and Safety September/October 1995.
Crump, K.S. 1984 A New Method for Determining Allowable Daily Intakes Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 4, 854-871.
Deese. D.E. and Joyner, R.E. 1969 Vinyl Acetate: A Study of Chronic Human Exposure American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal Sept/Oct: 449-457.
Dong, Y.-J., Peng, T.-K. and Yin, S.-J. 1996 Expression and Activities of Class IV Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Class III Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in Human Mouth Alcohol 13, 257-262.
Edler, L. and Kopp-Schneider, A. 1998 Statistical models for low dose exposure Mutation Research 405, 227-236.
Foster, J.R. 2000 Cell Death and Proliferation in the Control of Normal and Neoplastic Tissue Growth Toxicologic Pathology. Vol. 28, No. 3., 441-446.
Frederick, C.B., Bush, M.L., Lomax, L.G., Black, K.A., Finch, L., Kimbell, J.S., Morgan, K.T., Subramaniam, R.P., Morris, J.B. and Ultman, J.S. 1998 Application of a hybrid computational fluid dynamics and physiologically based inhalation model for interspecies dosimetry extrapolation of acidic vapors in the upper airways Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 152, 211-231.
Frederick, C.B., Gentry, P.R., Bush, M.L., Lomax, L.G., Black, K.A., Finch, L., Kimbell, J.S., Morgan, K.T., Subramaniam, R.P., Morris, J.B. and Ultman, J.S. 2001 A Hybrid Computational Fluid Dynamics and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Comparison of Predicted Tissue Concentrations of Acrylic Acid and Other Vapors in the Rat and Human Nasal Cavities Following Inhalation Exposure Inhalation Toxicology 13, 359-376.
Frederick, C.B., Morris, J.B., Kimball, J.S., Morgan, K.T. and Scherer, P.W. 1994 Comparison of Four Biologically Based Dosimetry Models for the Deposition of Rapidly Metabolized Vapors in the Rodent Nasal Cavity Inhalation Toxicology 6, (suppl)135-157.
Frederick, C.B., Potter, D.W., Chang-Mateu, C. and Andersen, M.E. 1992 A physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model to describe the oral dosing of rats with ethyl acrylate and its implications for risk assessment Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 114, 246-260.
Gaylor, D.W., Kodell, R.L., Chen, J.J. and Krewski, D. 1999 A unified approach to risk assessment for cancer and noncancer endpoints based on benchmark doses and uncertainty/safety factors Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 29, 151-157.
Goldsmith, D.J.A. and Hilton, P.J. 1992 Relationship between intracellular proton buffering capacity and intracellular pH Kidney International 41, 43-49.
Haag-Gronlund, M., Fransson-Steen, R. and Victorin, K. 1995 Application of the benchmark method to risk assessment of trichloroethene Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 21, 261-269.
Haber, L.T., Allen, B.C. and Kimmel, C.A. 1998 Non-cancer risk assessment for nickel compounds: issues associated with dose-response modeling of inhalation and oral exposures Toxicological Sciences 43, 213-229.
Hall, W.C. 1990 Peritoneum, Retro Peritoneum, Mesentery, and Abdominal Cavity Pathology of the Fisher Rat, Reference and Atlas.
Hanna, L.M., Lou, S.R., Su, S. and Jarabek, A.M. 2001 Mass Transport Analysis: Inhalation RfC Methods Framework for Interspecies Dosimetric Adjustment Inhalation Toxicology 13, 437-463.
Hardisty, J.F., Garman, R.H., Harkema, J.R., Lomax, L.G. and Morgan, K.T. 1999 Histopathology of Nasal Olfactory Mucosa from Selected Inhalation Toxicity Studies Conducted with Volatile Chemicals Toxicologic Pathology Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 618-627.
Harrison, P.T.C. 1992 Propionic Acid and the Phenomenon of Rodent Forestomach Tumorigenesis: A Review Chem. Tox. Vol. 30 No. 4, 333-340.
He, S.-M. and Lambert, B. 1985 Induction and persistence of SCE-inducing damage in human lymphocytes exposed to vinyl acetate and acetaldehyde in vitro Mutation Research 158, 201-208.
Helm, J.F., Dodds, W.J., Hogan, W.J., Soergel, K.H., Egide, M.S. and Wood, C.M. 1982 Acid neutralizing capacity of human saliva Gastroenterology 83, 69-74.
Hengstler, J.G., Bogdanffy, M.S., Bolt, H.M. and Oesch, F. 2003 Challenging Dogma: Thresholds for Genotoxic Carcinogens? The Case of Vinyl Acetate Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 43, 485-520.
Hinderliter, P.M., Thrall, K.D., Corley, R.A., Bloemen, L.J and Bogdanffy, M.S. 2005 Validation of Human Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Vinyl Acetate Against Human Nasal Dosimetry Data Toxicological Sciences 85, 460-467
Hoffmann, G., Ko, Y., Sachinidis, A., Gobel, B.O., Vetter, H., Rosskopf, D., Siffert, W. and Dusing, R. 1995 Kinetics of Na+/H+ exchange in vascular smooth muscle cells from WKY and SHR: effects of phorbol ester Am. J. Physiol. 268, C14-C20.
Hofmann, A. and M. Meder. 2003 Benchmark-Dosis bezogene Grenzwerte für krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe. Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen und sozio-ökonomische Akzeptanz Arbeitsmed. Sozialmed. Umweltmed. 38, 4.
Holdren, M.W., Smith, D.L., Smith, R.N., Keigley, G.W., Frye, J. and Brooker, M.J. 1995 Sampling and Analysis of Emissions Evolved During Extrusion of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate and Ethylene Methyl Acrylate Resin Mixtures Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc.
Homann, N., Karkkainen, P., Koivisto, T., Nosova, T., Jokelainen, K. and Salaspuro, M. 1997 Effects of Acetaldehyde on Cell Regeneration and Differentiation of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Mucosa Journal of National Cancer Institute, Vol. 89, No. 22, 1692-7.
Hurtt, M.E., Vinegar, M.B., Rickard, R.W., Cascieri, T.C. and Tyler, T.R. 1995 Developmental Toxicity of Oral and Inhaled Vinyl Acetate in the Rat Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 24, 198-205.
Illsley, N.P. and Jacobs, M.M. 1990 Control of the sodium-proton antiporter in human placental microvillous membranes by transport substrates Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1029, 227-234.
Jantunen, K., Maki-Paakkanen, J. and Norppa, H. 1986 Induction of chromosome aberrations by styrene and vinylacetate in cultured human lymphocytes: dependence on erythrocytes Mutation Research 159, 109-116.
Kaneko, K., Guth, P.H. and Kaunitz, J.D. 1991 In vivo measurement of rat gastric surface cell intracellular pH Am. J. Physiol. 261, G548-G552.
Kaneko, T., Wang, P-Y and Sato, A. 1994 Partition coefficients of some acetate esters and alcohols in water, blood, olive oil and rat tissues Occupational and Environmental Medicine 51, 68-72.
Kessler, R., Leibhammer, S., Laue, O., Sachindis, A., Siffert, W., Hols,H., Vetter, H. and Dusing, R. 1997 Acute saline infusion induces extracellular acidification and activation of the Na+/H+ exchanger in man European Journal of Clinical Investigation 27, 558-565.
Kimbell, J.S. and Conolly, R.B. 2003 Breathing Air Into Models: How Mathematical Modeling Reduces Uncertainty in a Formaldehyde Assessment Risk Policy Report - www.InsideEPA.com. January 21. 30-33.
Kimbell, J.S. and Subramaniam, R.P. 2001 Use of Computational Fluid Dynamics Models for Dosimetry of Inhaled Gases in the Nasal Passages Inhalation Toxicology 13, 325-334.
Knowles, S.E., Jarrett, I.G., Filsell, O.H. and Ballard, F.J. 1974 Production and Utilization of Acetate in Mammals Biochem. J. 142, 401-411.
Krewski, D. and Zhu, Y. 1995 A simple data transformation for estimating benchmark doses in developmental toxicity experiments Risk Analysis 15, 29-39.
Kuykendall, J.R. and Bogdanffy, M.S. 1992 Efficiency of DNA-Histone Crosslinking Induced by Saturated and Unsaturated Aldehydes in Vitro Mutation Research 283, 131-136.
Kuykendall, J.R. and Bogdanffy, M.S. 1992 Reaction Kinetics of DNA - Histone Crosslinking by Vinyl Acetate and Acetaldehyde Carcinogenesis 13, 2095-2100.
Kuykendall, J.R., Taylor, M.L. and Bogdanffy, M.S. 1993 Cytotoxicity and DNA- Protein Crosslink Formation in Rat Nasal Tissues Exposed to Vinyl Acetate are Carboxylesterase-Mediated Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 123, 283-292.
Kuykendalll, J.R. and Bogdanffy, M.S. 1994 Formation and stability of acetaldehyde-induced crosslinks between poly-lysine and poly-deoxyguanosine Mutation Research 311, 49-56.
Lantz, R.C., Orozco, J. and Bogdanffy, M.S. 2003 Vinyl Acetate Decreases Intracellular pH in Rat Nasal Epithelial Cells Toxicological Sciences 75, 423-431.
Larsen, M.J., Jensen, A.F., Madsen, D.M. and Pearce, E.I.F. 1999 Individual variations of pH, buffer capacity and concentrations of calcium and phosphate in unstimulated whole saliva Arch. Oral Biol. 44, 111-117.
LeBoeuf, R.A., Lin, P., Kerckaert, G. and Gruenstein, E. 1992 Intracellular acidification is associated with enhanced morphological transformation in Syrian hamster embryo cells Cancer Research 52, 144-148.
Levine, S.A., Montrose, M.H., Tse, C.M. and Donowitz, M. 1993 Kinetics and regulation of three cloned mammalian Na+/H+ exchangers stably expressed in a fibroblast cell line The Journal of Biological Chemistry 268, 25527-25535.
Lijinsky, W. and Reuber, M.D. 1983 Chronic Toxicology Studies of Vinyl Acetate in Fisher Rats Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 68, 43-53.
Lindqvist, L. and Augstinsson, K.B. 1975 Enterases in human saliva Enzyme 20, 277-291.
Lindqvist, L., Nord, C.E. and Soder, P.O. 1977 Origin of esterases in human whole saliva Enzyme 22, 166-175.
Mahnensmith, R.L. and Aronson, P.S. 1985 The plasma membrane sodium-hydrogen exchanger and its role in physiological and pathophysiological processes Circulation Research 57, 773-788.
Maltoni, C., Ciliberti, A., Lefemine, G. and Soffritti, M. 1997 Results of a Long-term Experimental Study on the Carcinogenicity of Vinyl Acetate Monomer in Mice Ann. NY. Acad. Sci. 837, 209-238.
Mebus, C.A., Carpanini, F.M.B., Rickard, R.W., Cascieri, T.C., Tyler, T.R. and Vinegar, M.B. 1995 Two-Generation Reproduction Study in Rats Receiving Drinking Water Containing Vinyl Acetate Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 24, 206-216.
Meurman, J.H. and Rantonen, P. 1994 Salivary flow rate, buffering capacity, and yeast counts in 187 consecutive adult patients from Kuopio, Finland Scand. J. Dent. Res. 102, 229-234.
Minardi, F., Belpoggi, F., Soffritti, M., Ciliberti, A. and Maltoni, C. 2002 Carcinogenicity Bioassays on Vinyl Acetate Monomer New York Academy of Sciences Meeting.
Minardi, F., Belpoggi, F., Soffritti, M., Ciliberti, A., Lauriola, M., Cattin, E. and Maltoni, C. 2002 Results of a Long-Term Carcinogenicity Bioassay on Vinyl Acetate Monomer in Sprague-Dawley Rats Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 982, 106-122.
Morris, J.B. 2001 Overview of Upper Respiratory Tract Vapor Uptake Studies Inhalation Toxicology 13, 335-345.
Morris, J.B., Clay, R.J., Trela, B.A. and Bogdanffy, M.S. 1991 Deposition of Dibasic Esters in the Upper Respiratory Tract of the Male and Female Sprague-Dawley Rat Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 108, 538-546.
Morris, J.B., Symanowicz, P. and Sarangapani, R. 2002 Regional distribution and kinetics of vinyl acetate hydrolysis in the oral cavity of the rat and mouse Toxicology Letters 126, 31-39.
Norppa, H., Tursi, F., Pfaffli, P., Maki-Pakkanen, M. and Jarventaus, H. 1985 Chromosome damage induced by vinyl acetate through in vitro formation of acetaldehyde in human lymphocytes and Chinese hamster ovary cells Cancer Research 45, 4816-4821.
Osier, M., Odin, M., McGinnis, P. and Boultin, B. 2000 Proposed New Risk Assessment for Acetaldehyde Syracuse Research Corporation, North Syracuse, NY. USEPA, Cincinatti, OH.
Overton, J.H. 2001 Dosimetry Modeling of Highly Soluble Reactive Gases in the Respiratory Tract Inhalation Toxicology 13, 347-357.
Peral, M.J., Calonge, M.L. and Ilundain, A.A. 1995 Intracellular pH regulation in chicken enterocytes: the importance of extracellular pH Experimental Physiology 80, 1001-1007.
Plowchalk, D.R., Andersen, M.E. and Bogdanffy, M.S. 1997 Physiologically-Based Modeling of Vinyl Acetate Uptake, Metabolism and Intracellular pH Changes in the Rat Nasal Cavity Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 142, 386-400.
Robinson, D.A., Bogdanffy, M.S. and Reed, C.J. 1986 Histochemical localisation of carboxylesterase activity in rat and mouse oral cavity mucosa Toxicology 180, 209-220.
Roth, W.L., Freeman, R.A. and Wilson, A.G.E. 1993 A physiologically based model for gastrointestinal absorption and excretion of chemicals carried by lipids Risk Analysis 13, 531-543.
Ryberg, M. and Johansson, I. 1995 Effects of long-term treatment with salmetrol and salbutamol on the flow rate and composition of whole saliva in the rat Arch. Oral Biol. 40, 187-191.
Saito, Y., Ozawa, T. and Nishiyama, A. 1990 Effects of intra- and extracellular H+ and Na+ concentrations on Na+ -H+ antiport activity in the lacrimal gland acinar cells European Journal of Physiology 417, 382-390.
Sipi, P., Jarventaus, H. and Norppa, H. 1992 Sister chromatid exchanges induced by vinyl esters and respective carboxylic acids in cultured human lymphocytes Mutation Research 279, 75-82.
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Sreerama, L., Hedge, M.W. and Sladek, N.E. 1995 Identification of a class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase in human saliva and increased levels of this enzyme, glutathione s-transferases, and DT-diaphorase in the saliva of subjects who continually ingest large quantities of coffee or broccoli
Stott, W.T. and McKenna, M.J. 1985 Hydrolysis of several glycol ether acetates and acrylate esters by nasal mucosal carboxylesterase in vitro Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 5, 399-404.
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Tobey, N.A. 1995 Systemic factors in esophageal mucosal protection Digestion 56, 38-44.
Trela, B.A. and Bogdanffy, M.S. 1991 Carboxylesterase-Dependent Cytotoxicity of Dibasic Esters (DBE) in Rat Nasal Explants Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 107, 285-301.
Trela, B.A. and Bogdanffy, M.S. 1991 Cytotoxicity of Dibasic Esters (DBE) Metabolites in Rat Nasal Explants Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 110, 259-267.
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Last Updated – 4/25/05